Understanding Autism in Nigeria: A Review of Causes, Prevalence and Cultural Contexts

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a diverse group of neurodevelopmental conditions marked by impairments in social interaction, communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Its aetiology reflects a complex interplay between genetic vulnerability and environmental influences. This narrative review scrutinises the causes, prevalence, challenges, and cultural perceptions of ASD in Nigeria while situating these issues within a broader global context. The fact that ASD remains poorly understood in Nigeria is evident from available literature, where sociocultural interpretations, including spiritual and traditional belief systems, contribute to stigma, delayed diagnosis, and inadequate support. Available estimates suggest that a substantial number of Nigerian children may be affected, although true prevalence remains uncertain due to limited awareness, diagnostic capacity, and population-based data. This review examined existing global and local evidence to highlight gaps in epidemiological data, diagnostic infrastructure, and policy implementation, underscoring the need for culturally informed strategies to improve awareness, acceptance, early identification, and support for individuals with ASD and their families in Nigeria.